Introduction

Limitations of effective CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) in relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell lymphoma include inability to control disease prior to CAR-T, lack of sustained remissions following CAR-T and the potential for life-threatening adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). BTK inhibitors, ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are immunomodulatory and may enhance CAR-T expansion, engraftment and tumor clearance while decreasing the frequency and severity of CRS in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Qin, et al. J Immunother 2020). Based on this, we hypothesized that acalabrutinib, when combined with CD19-targeted CAR-T, could enhance its efficacy and safety and may also serve as an effective bridging strategy. We report the initial safety, efficacy and correlative analysis of acalabrutinib in combination with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) in R/R B-cell lymphoma.

Methods

We conducted a phase I/II, open-label trial (NCT04257578) involving adult patients meeting FDA-approved criteria for axi-cel; this included patients with R/R CD19+ large B-cell (LBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) with measurable disease. Acalabrutinib was continuously administered at 100 mg twice daily over the 3 study phases: 1) Bridging: Starting between 3 weeks and 24 hours prior to leukapheresis until lymphodepletion (LD), 2) Cell therapy: From LD to 30 days after axi-cel infusion, 3) Maintenance: From 30 days to 1 year after axi-cel infusion or until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression (Figure 1). Axi-cel was administered per institutional practice. The primary endpoint was safety based on rates of grade ≥3 CRS or ICANS within 30 days of axi-cel infusion. We also assessed bridging success rate (defined as receipt of axi-cel without any additional required treatment), overall response rate (ORR) and complete response (CR) rate following axi-cel infusion, progression-free survival, overall survival and immune response biomarkers.

Results

As of July 28, 2023, 17 patients have enrolled, 14 have received axi-cel infusion and are evaluable for response to CAR-T and 3 are earlier in treatment. Fourteen patients had LBCL (12 DLBCL [4 with double/triple hit, 3 with double/triple expressor, 1 with only MYC translocation] and 2 PMBCL) and 3 had FL (Table 1). Median age was 58 (range 34-74) years, largest lesion diameter was a median of 3.75 (1.7-7.1) cm and the median number of prior regimens was 3 (range 1-5). Of LBCL patients, 6 (43%) had primary refractory disease and 5 (38%) had relapsed within 12 months of initial therapy; 4 (31%) patients had previous autologous stem cell transplant. Fourteen of 15 patients (93%) who underwent axi-cel infusion were successfully bridged from prior to leukapheresis to LD with single agent acalabrutinib and no additional therapy; 1 received added radiation. After cell infusion, 13 (93%) and 8 (57%) patients had any grade CRS and ICANS, respectively. Three (20%) patients had grade 3 ICANS which resolved with dexamethasone and anakinra or tocilizumab. No patients received prophylactic dexamethasone. No patients experienced grade ≥3 CRS or any grade hemorrhage or tachyarrhythmia. No patients discontinued acalabrutinib at any time due to toxicity, meeting an interim safety endpoint. The ORR and CR rate at day 30 post axi-cel infusion was 93% and 71%, respectively. Through post axi-cel maintenance, there were no drug holds. One of the 3 patients with partial remission (PR) at day 30 converted to CR at day 180 post infusion while 2 suffered disease progression at day 90 post axi-cel infusion. No treatment related deaths were observed by time of data cutoff. At a median follow-up of 13.8 (range 1.7-29.1) months, 10 (73%) patients are alive and 9 are progression-free. Post axi-cel cytokines peaked at a median of day 6 [median IL-6 196 pg/ml (range 20-11803), ferritin 425 ng/ml (156-2051), CRP 52.9 mg/L (7.7-239.7), Table 1]. Impact of acalabrutinib on myeloid derived suppressor cells and the immunosecretome profile are underway and will be reported at time of presentation.

Conclusions

Acalabrutinib successfully bridged most patients in this trial when given concurrently with axi-cel and safely maintained high CR rates. CRP and ferritin levels were typically only modestly elevated after cell infusion. Severe CRS was not observed and high-grade ICANS was uncommon.

Poh:BeiGene: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Incyte: Research Funding; Acrotech: Consultancy. Chow:Bristol Myers Squibb: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Lynch:Merck: Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy; Genentech: Research Funding; Cyteir: Research Funding; SeaGen: Consultancy; Foresight Diagnostics: Consultancy; Bayer: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; Seagen Inc.: Research Funding; Rapt: Research Funding; Cancer Study Group: Consultancy. Ujjani:Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria; Beigene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Atara: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Lilly: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Epizyme: Consultancy; Astrazeneca: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Kite, a Gilead Company: Consultancy, Other: Travel expenses , Research Funding; PCYC: Research Funding. Shadman:Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Research Funding; MorphoSys/Incyte: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Regeneron: Consultancy; ADC therapeutics: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kite, a Gilead Company: Consultancy; Genmab: Consultancy, Research Funding; Eli Lilly: Consultancy; Vincerx: Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; Fate Therapeutics: Consultancy; Mustang Bio: Consultancy, Research Funding; BeiGene: Consultancy, Research Funding; MEI Pharma: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy. Till:BMS/Juno Therapeutics: Research Funding; Mustang Bio: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Proteios Technology: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company. Gauthier:Angiocrine Bioscience: Research Funding; Kite Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene (a Bristol Myers Squibb company): Research Funding; MorphoSys: Consultancy, Research Funding; Century Therapeutics: Other: Independent data review committee; Juno Therapeutics (a Bristol Myers Squibb company): Research Funding; Legend Biotech: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sobi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Smith:ADC Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Epizyme, Karyopharm, KITE pharma, Incyte, Numab Therapeutics AG, Abbvie, Coherus Biosciences, advisory board (spouse) Genentech, Inc.: Consultancy; ADC Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Ayala (spouse), Bayer, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb (spouse), De Novo Biopharma, Enterome, Genentech, Inc., Ignyta (spouse), Incyte Corporation, Kymera Therapeutics, Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp., MorphoSys, Nanjing Pharmaceu: Research Funding; BeiGene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Maloney:Kite, a Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Member, Scientific Review Committee, Research Scholars Program in Hematologic Malignancies; Legend Biotech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; MorphoSys: Consultancy, Honoraria; A2 Biotherapeutics: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company, Honoraria, Other: Member of the Scientific Advisory Board; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Patents & Royalties: Rights to royalties from Fred Hutch for patents licensed to Juno Therapeutics/BMS, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Mustang Bio: Consultancy, Honoraria; Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Chair and Member of the Lymphoma Steering Committee; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Member of the JCAR017 EAP-001 Safety Review Committee and Member, CLL Strategic Council, Member of the JCAR017-BCM-03 Scientific Steering Committee under BMS, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Participation on a Data Safety Monitory Board , Research Funding; Navan Technologies: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Member of the Scientific Advisory Board; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Umoja: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bioline Rx: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Participation on a Data Safety Monitory Board ; Fred Hutch: Other: rights to royalties for patents licensed to Juno; Navan Technologies: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Chimeric Therapeutics: Other: Member of the Scientific Advisory Board; ImmPACT Bio: Other: Member, Clinical Advisory Board, CD19/CD20 bi-specific CAR-T Cell Therapy Program; Interius: Other: Member, Clinical Advisory Board; Lyell Immunopharma: Other: Member, CAR T Steering Committee. Gopal:Compliment Corporation: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Incyte, Kite, Morphosys/Incyte, ADCT, Acrotech, Merck, Karyopharm, Servier, Beigene, Cellectar, Janssen, SeaGen, Epizyme, I-Mab bio, Gilead, Genentech, Lilly, Caribou, Fresenius-Kabi: Consultancy; Merck, I-Mab bio, IgM Bio, Takeda, Gilead, Astra-Zeneca, Agios, Janssen, BMS, SeaGen, Teva, Genmab: Research Funding.

Acalabrutinib is approved for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma

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2023
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